Physical and Health Education SS 1 Curriculum Guides – Types of Bones | Types of Joints | Importance of Bones and Joints

 

 

PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION

THEME – BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

TOPIC – SKELETAL SYSTEM

CLASS – SS 1

LEARNING AREAS – 

 

 

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL

1. Pictures

2. Textbooks

3. CD-ROMs

4. Projectors

5. Diagrams

 

 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. label the main parts of the skeleton.

2. list the joints that cause the different kinds of movement.

 

 

CONTENTS OF THE LESSON

FOCUS LESSONS

TYPES OF BONES 

The bone is an organ that forms the skeleton of vertebrates. Vertebrates are organisms which have an internal backbone surrounded by bone, also called vertebrae. In an adult human, the skeleton is made up of 206 bones. The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes.

There are five types of bones in the skeleton – flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid bones.

 

 

1. LONG BONES 

Long bones are bones that are longer than they are wide.

Femur (the longest bone in the body) as well as relatively small bones in the fingers.

Long bones support the weight of the body and facilitate movement.

There are about 90 long bones present in the human body.

 

2. SHORT BONES 

Short bones are cube-shaped.

They are about as long as they are wide.

They are bones in the wrist and ankle joints.

Short bones provide stability and some movement.

There are 32 short bones in the human skeleton.

 

 

3. FLAT BONES 

Flat bones are somewhat flattened.

There are flat bones in the skull, the thoracic cage, and the pelvis.

The flat bones protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. They are like shied protection.

There are 36 flat bones in the human skeleton.

 

4. IRREGULAR BONES 

Irregular bones have complex shapes.

They are vary in shape and structure.

Irregular shapes help protect internal organs such as bones of the vertebral column that protect the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord.

Also, bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium) protect organs in the pelvic cavity.

There are 48 irregular bones in the human skeleton.

 

5. SESAMOID BONES 

Sesamoid bones reinforce tendons.

They are small and round.

Sesamoid bones are commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet.

They protect tendons from stress and wear.

There are 4 Sesamoid bones in the human skeleton.

 

 

THE BONES TYPES 

 

 

IMPORTANCE OF BONES 

1. The bones support your body and allow you to move.

2. The bones protect your brain, heart, and other organs from injury.

3. The bones store necessary minerals and release the minerals (like calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D) when body needs them.

4. The bones store fat and release the fat when the body needs energy.

5. The bones produce blood cells like platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. These cells are made inside of your bones. Platelets help your blood clot, red blood cells deliver oxygen to your organs, and white blood cells help fight off infections.

 

 

KINDS OF JOINTS

A joint is a point or place in the body where two or more bones meet and join together. It is a part of the body that makes movement possible and the skeleton more flexible.

There are three kinds of joints – fixed, movable and semi movable joints.

1. Fixed Joints are joints of the bones of the skull or pelvis.

2. Synovial Joints are joints in the knee, wrist, shoulder, elbow, ankle, and hip joints

3. Semi-mobile Joints are joints in articulation of the spine

 

FIXED JOINT 

Fixed joints are immovable joints which bones cannot move or bend. Joints in the skull bones, teeth in sockets of jaw, etc. are good example of fixed joints.

They are known as synarthrosis joints. There are three different types of fixed joints in the body (sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses).

1. SUTURES

Sutures are the junctions between the skull bones such as plane, serrate and lap sutures. Plane suture is the edges of the articulating bones are fairly smooth. Serrate suture is the most common suture, includes sharp interlocking articulations. Lap suture is the edge of one bone overlaps another articulating bone.

 

2. SYNDESMOSIS 

Syndesmoses are fixed joints between two long bones. For example, tibia and fibula in the ankle.

 

3. GOMPHOSES 

Gomphoses are the joints between the tooth roots and the mandible (The maxilla is the bone that forms lower jaw) or maxillary bones (The maxilla is the bone that forms the upper jaw).

 

 

SYNOVIAL JOINTS (MOVABLE JOINTS) 

A synovial joint is also known as diarthrosis joint. The joint unites long bones and enables smoothly move against each other. The knee and shoulder are good examples.

 

SEMI-MOBILE JOINTS 

Semi-mobile Joints are known as amphiarthrosis or cartilaginous joints. In semi mobile joints, two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place. The vertebra, ribs and spine are good examples.

 

JOINTS THAT CAUSE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MOVEMENT 

There are six types of freely movable diarthrosis (synovial) Joints,

1. Ball and Socket Joint

The ball and socket joint is the rounded head of one bone sitting in the cup of another bone. It allows movement in all directions. Shoulder joint and hip joints are good examples.

 

2. Hinge Joint 

The hinge joints allow the movement of certain parts of the body in one direction, along one plane. There are hinge joints in the fingers, toes, knees, elbows, and ankles. It is like a door, opening and closing in one direction, along one plane.

 

 

3. Condyloid Joint

The condyloid joint is similar to ball and socket joint. The ball and socket joint allows movement in all direction while The condyloid joint allows movement in one direction. That’s, up and down and side to side. Rotation is not possible in condyloid joint.

The finger and jaw joints are perfect examples of up and down direction while The wrist joint is a perfect example of both directions (up and down, side to.

 

4. Pivot Joint

The pivot joint is known as the rotary or trochoid joint. It allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone can rotate within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. Examples are the joints between the ulna and radius bones that rotate the forearm, and the joint between the first and second vertebrae in your neck.

 

5. Gliding Joint

The gliding joint is also known as the plane join. It occurs between the surfaces of two flat bones that can slip over one another. Gliding joint have limited range of motion. An example is the joint in the wrist.

 

6. Saddle Joint

The saddle joint does not allow rotation but enables movement back and forth and side to side. An example is the joint at the base of your thumb.

 

 

LESSON PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

The teacher,

1. guides the students to identify and label the main parts of the skeleton.

2. explains the joints that cause different kinds of movement.

3. supervises students to draw and label different parts of the skeleton.

 

STUDENT’S ACTIVITIES

The students,

1. draw and label the main parts of the skeleton.

2. take down notes as the teacher explains the joints that cause different kinds of movement.

3. practice labeling the different parts of the skeleton.

 

 

LESSON EVALUATION

Teacher asks students to,

1. draw and label the parts of the skeleton.

2. list five joints that cause different kinds of movement.