Acids and Bases: Materials Used for Making Soap, Active Ingredients in Local Soap-Making Materials, Procedures for Making Soap and Uses of Soap Primary 5 (Basic 5) Third Term Week 3 Basic Science and Technology

ACIDS AND BASES: MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING SOAP, ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN LOCAL SOAP-MAKING MATERIALS, PROCEDURES FOR MAKING SOAP AND USES OF SOAP PRIMARY 5 (BASIC 5) THIRD TERM WEEK 3 Basic SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THIRD TERM

WEEK 3

PRIMARY 5 (BASIC 5) 

THEME – LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS 

PREVIOUS LESSON – Acids and Bases: Meaning, Examples and Types of Acids and Bases, and Differences Between Acids and Bases Primary 5 (Basic 5) Third Term Week 2 Basic Science and Technology

TOPIC – SOAP MAKING 

LEARNING AREA

1. Introduction

2. Meaning and Types of Soap

3. Materials Used for Making Soap

4. Active Ingredients in Local Soap-Making and Their importance

5. Procedures for Making Soap and Safety Precautions

6. Weekly Assessment: Test Questions and Answers

7. Summary

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. Identify materials used for making soap.

2. Mention the active ingredients in local soap-making materials.

3. Explain the procedures for making soap.

4. State the uses of soap.

5. Demonstrate simple soap-making processes under supervision.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR

Pupils have previously learned about acids and bases, and that soap is an example of a base commonly used for cleaning.

This lesson builds on that knowledge by helping pupils understand how soap is made, the materials used in soap production, the active ingredients in local soap-making materials, and the importance of soap in maintaining personal and environmental hygiene.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:

1. Palm oil

2. Caustic soda

3. Potash

4. Water

5. Mixing bowl

6. Stirring stick

7. Soap mould

8. Local black soap samples

METHOD OF TEACHING

Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.

Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons. 

REFERENCE MATERIALS

1. Scheme of Work

2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum

3. Course Book

4. All Relevant Material

5. Online Information

CONTENT OF THE LESSON

INTRODUCTION

Soap is one of the most important cleaning agents used in our homes, schools, hospitals, and communities. We use soap every day to wash our hands, bathe, wash clothes, and clean household items. Good hygiene practices with soap help to keep us healthy and prevent the spread of diseases.

Soap can be made from different materials, including locally available materials such as palm oil, potash, and caustic soda. By combining these materials in the correct way, useful soap can be produced for daily use.

In this lesson, pupils will learn the materials used for making soap, the active ingredients in local soap-making materials, the procedures for making soap, and the various uses of soap in everyday life.

LESSON 1 – MEANING OF SOAP

Soap is a cleaning substance made from oil or fat and alkali (such as caustic soda or potash). It is used for washing the body, clothes, and other dirty items to remove dirt, grease, and germs.

Soap helps to keep the body and environment clean and healthy.

Examples of Soap

Common Soaps Used in Nigeria:

• Lux Soap

• Dettol Soap

• Lifebuoy Soap

• Premier Soap

• Local black soap (Ose Dudu)

• Palm Kernel Soap (local soap)

• Joy Soap

TYPES OF SOAP

1. Toilet Soap (Bathing Soap)

• Used for bathing and personal hygiene.

• Examples: Lux, Dettol, Lifebuoy

2. Washing Soap

• Used for washing clothes and dirty items.

• Examples: Omo soap, powder soap, bar washing soap

3. Local Soap

• Made traditionally using natural materials.

• Examples: Black soap (Ose Dudu), palm kernel soap

Soap is a cleaning substance made from oil and alkali. It is used for washing and removing dirt and germs. In Nigeria, common soaps include Lux, Dettol, Lifebuoy, Geisha, and local black soap such as Ose Dudu.

LESSON 2 – MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING SOAP

1. Palm Oil – provides the oily substance needed for making soap.

2. Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) – Helps in forming and hardening the soap.

3. Potash – obtained from burnt plant materials and used in making local soap.

4. Water – used for dissolving and mixing the ingredients.

5. Perfume (Optional) – added to give the soap a pleasant smell.

6. Colouring Agent (Optional) – added to improve the appearance of the soap.

7. Soap Mould – used for shaping the soap before it hardens.

8. Mixing Bowl and Stirring Stick – used for mixing the ingredients properly.

The main materials used for making soap are palm oil, caustic soda, potash, and water. Other materials such as perfume and colouring agents may be added to improve the smell and appearance of the soap.

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN LOCAL SOAP-MAKING MATERIALS

Active ingredients are the main substances that help in the production and cleaning action of soap.

1. Potash

• Potash obtained from the ash of burnt plant materials such as cocoa pods, palm bunches, and plantain peels.

• It acts as a cleaning agent in local soap production.

• And helps soap to lather and clean effectively.

2. Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide)

• A chemical substance used in soap-making.

• Caustic soad helps the oil react properly to form soap.

• And makes the soap hard and long-lasting.

3. Palm Oil

• Palm oil provides the oily content needed for soap production.

• It helps in forming the body and texture of the soap.

4. Water

• Water helps dissolve and mix the ingredients during soap-making.

IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN SOAP-MAKING

1. They help in the formation of soap.

2. They improve the cleaning ability of soap.

3. They help soap produce lather (foam).

4. They make soap strong and durable.

The major active ingredients in local soap-making materials are potash, caustic soda, palm oil, and water. These ingredients work together to produce soap that can effectively remove dirt, grease, and germs.

LESSON 3 – PROCEDURES FOR MAKING SOAP

Materials Needed

• Palm oil

• Caustic soda or potash

• Water

• Mixing bowl

• Stirring stick

• Soap mould

• Perfume (optional)

• Colouring agent (optional)

STEPS FOR MAKING SOAP

Step 1 – Dissolve the caustic soda or potash in water and allow the mixture to cool.

Step 2 – Pour the palm oil into a clean mixing bowl.

Step 3 – Gradually add the dissolved caustic soda or potash solution to the palm oil.

Step 4 – Stir the mixture continuously and carefully until it becomes thick.

Step 5 – Add perfume or colouring agent if desired and continue stirring.

Step 6 – Pour the thick mixture into soap moulds or containers.

Step 7 – Allow the soap to harden and dry for some days.

Step 8 – Remove the hardened soap from the mould and cut it into suitable sizes for use.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Handle caustic soda carefully.

2. Avoid direct contact with the eyes and skin.

3. Wear protective gloves where available.

4. Carry out soap-making under adult or teacher supervision.

5. Wash hands thoroughly after the activity.

Soap is made by mixing palm oil with a solution of caustic soda or potash and stirring until the mixture becomes thick. The mixture is then poured into mould s and allowed to harden before use.

WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ASSIGNMENT

A. Objective Questions (Choose the Correct Answer)

1. Which of the following is used in making soap?

A. Sand

B. Palm oil

C. Stone

D. Clay

2. Potash is obtained from __________.

A. Burnt plant materials

B. Water

C. Sand

D. Salt

3. Which ingredient helps to harden soap?

A. Palm oil

B. Water

C. Caustic soda

D. Perfume

4. Soap is mainly used for __________.

A. Building houses

B. Planting crops

C. Cooking food

D. Cleaning

B. Fill in the Blanks

5. ______ is the oily material used in soap-making.

6. Potash is an active ingredient used in making ______.

7. Soap helps to remove ______ and germs.

8. The mixture is poured into a ______ to harden.

C. True or False

9. Palm oil is used for making soap. ______

10. Caustic soda helps to harden soap. ______

11. Soap is used for cleaning. ______

12. Potash is obtained from fruits. ______

D. Short Answer Questions

11. What is soap used for?

12. Mention two materials used for making soap.

13. Mention two active ingredients used in local soap-making.

14. State two steps involved in making soap.

E. Matching: Match Column A with Column B.

Column A – Column B

17. Palm Oil – A. Hardens soap

18. Potash – B. Oily material

19. Caustic Soda – C. Cleaning agent

20. Soap – D. Personal hygiene

ANSWER KEYS

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. Palm oil

6. Soap

7. Dirt

8. Mould

9. True

10. True

11. True

12. False

13. Soap is used for cleaning and maintaining hygiene.

14. Palm oil, caustic soda, potash, water (any two)

15.Potash and caustic soda

16. Dissolve caustic soda in water; mix with palm oil; stir continuously; pour into moulds (any two)

17. B

18. C

19. A

20. D

SUMMARY

In this lesson, pupils learned that soap is a cleaning agent and an example of a base used for personal and environmental hygiene.

They identified the materials used for making soap, including:

• Palm oil

• Caustic soda

• Potash

• Water

• Perfume and colouring agents (optional)

Pupils also learned about the active ingredients in local soap-making materials:

• Potash

• Caustic soda

• Palm oil

• Water

They studied the procedures for making soap, which involve mixing palm oil with dissolved caustic soda or potash, stirring until thick, and allowing the mixture to harden in moulds.

Finally, pupils learned the uses of soap, such as:

• Washing the body

• Washing clothes

• Cleaning household items

• Removing dirt and germs

• Promoting personal hygiene

• Preventing the spread of diseases

Proper use of soap helps to keep people healthy and maintain a clean environment.

PRESENTATION

To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:

1. The teacher displays soap and soap-making materials such as palm oil, potash, caustic soda, and water.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils observe and identify the materials.

2. The teacher introduces the topic: Soap Making and Uses of Soap.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils listen attentively and repeat the topic.

3. The teacher explains the materials used for making soap.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils mention materials used in soap production.

4. The teacher explains the active ingredients in local soap-making materials.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils identify potash, caustic soda, and palm oil.

5. The teacher explains the procedures for making soap step by step.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils observe and ask questions.

6. The teacher demonstrates (or shows pictures of) soap-making.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils watch and describe the process.

7. The teacher discusses the uses of soap in daily life.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils mention different uses of soap at home and school.

8. The teacher emphasizes safety precautions during soap-making.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils listen and state safety rules.

9. The teacher asks oral questions to assess understanding.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils respond to questions.

10. The teacher summarizes the lesson and gives corrective feedback where necessary.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils participate actively in the summary.

CONCLUSION

To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following week’s lesson.

NEXT LESSON

Basic Electricity II – Electric Flow, Conductors and Non Conductors, Sources and Electrical Circuit Primary 5 (Basic 5) Term 3 Week 4 Basic Science and Technology

LESSON EVALUATION 

Teacher asks pupils,

1. What is soap?

2. Mention three materials used for making soap.

3. State two active ingredients in local soap-making materials.

4. Mention three procedures for making soap.

5. State three uses of soap.

6. What is the function of caustic soda in soap-making?

7. Mention two examples of soap used in Nigeria.

8. What is potash used for in soap-making?

9. Why do we use soap in our daily life?

10. State two safety precautions during soap-making.