Forces: Meaning and Effects of Frictional Force, Advantages and Disadvantages of Frictional Force Primary 6 (Basic 6) Third Term Week 6 Basic Science and Technology

FORCES: MEANING AND EFFECTS OF FRICTIONAL FORCE, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTIONAL FORCE

BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRIMARY 6 – THIRD TERM – WEEK 6

THEME – LEARNING ABOUT OUR ENVIRONMENT 

PREVIOUS LESSON – Forces: Meaning and Examples of Force (Push and Pull), Evidence and Effects of Force Primary 6 (Basic 6) Third Term Week 5 Basic Science and Technology

TOPIC – FRICTIONAL FORCE 

LEARNING AREA

1. Introduction

2. Meaning and Effects of Frictional Force

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Frictional Force

4. Weekly Assessment: Test Questions and Answers/Assignment

5. Summary

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. Define frictional force.

2. Explain the effects of frictional force.

3. State the advantages of frictional force.

4. State the disadvantages of frictional force.

5. Identify everyday activities where friction is useful or harmful.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR

Pupils have previously learned that force is a push or a pull used to move, stop, or change the direction of an object. They also learned that force has different effects on objects.

This lesson builds on that knowledge by introducing frictional force, which is a type of force that acts when two surfaces touch and opposes their movement. Pupils will learn how friction affects everyday activities and why it can be both useful and harmful.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:

1. Wooden block

2. Sandpaper

3. Smooth plastic surface

4. Toy car

5. Football

6. Shoe

7. Bicycle brake

8. Eraser

9. Charts showing examples of friction

10. Textbooks

METHOD OF TEACHING

Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.

Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons. 

REFERENCE MATERIALS

1. Scheme of Work

2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum

3. Course Book

4. All Relevant Material

5. Online Information

CONTENT OF THE LESSON

INTRODUCTION

Have you ever tried to push a heavy table across the floor? Have you noticed that a bicycle stops when the brakes are applied, or that you do not slip easily while walking? These activities happen because of frictional force.

Frictional force acts between two surfaces that are in contact. It helps us walk safely, write with a pencil, and stop moving vehicles. However, it can also cause wear and tear on machine parts and make movement more difficult.

In this lesson, pupils will learn the meaning of frictional force, its effects, and the advantages and disadvantages of friction in everyday life.

LESSON 1 – MEANING OF FRICTIONAL FORCE

Frictional force is the force that opposes or resists the movement of one object over another when their surfaces are in contact.

Friction slows down or prevents objects from moving easily.

EFFECTS OF FRICTIONAL FORCE

Frictional force has the following effects:

1. It slows down moving objects.

• Example: A bicycle slows down when the brakes are applied.

2. It stops moving objects.

• Example: A rolling football eventually stops because of friction with the ground.

3. It makes walking possible without slipping.

• Example: Friction between shoes and the ground helps us walk safely.

4. It produces heat.

• Example: Rubbing your hands together makes them warm.

5. It causes wear and tear.

• Example: The soles of shoes and vehicle tyres wear out after long use.

6. It makes writing possible.

• Example: Friction between a pencil and paper allows us to write.

7. It can make movement more difficult.

• Example: It takes more effort to push a heavy box across a rough floor than a smooth floor.

LESSON 2 – ADVANTAGES OF FRICTIONAL FORCE

Friction is useful in many ways. Some advantages include:

1. It helps us walk and run without slipping.

2. It helps vehicles stop when brakes are applied.

3. It makes writing on paper possible.

4. It helps us hold or grip objects firmly.

5. It prevents objects from sliding easily.

6. It helps nails, screws, and bolts stay firmly in place.

DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTIONAL FORCE

Although friction is useful, it also has some disadvantages:

1. It causes wear and tear of machine parts, tyres, and shoe soles.

2. It produces unwanted heat in machines.

3. It slows down the movement of objects.

4. It wastes energy because more effort is needed to move objects.

5. It can damage machine parts if not properly lubricated.

6. It increases the cost of maintaining machines due to repairs and replacement of worn parts.

REDUCING FRICTION

Friction can be reduced by:

1. Applying oil or grease to machine parts.

2. Using wheels or rollers.

3. Polishing rough surfaces.

4. Using ball bearings in machines.

LESSON 3 – WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ASSIGNMENT

A. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Frictional force is a force that ______.

A. attracts objects

B. opposes movement between two surfaces

C. produces electricity

D. changes colour

2. Which of the following is an advantage of friction?

A. It causes wear and tear.

B. It wastes energy.

C. It damages machines.

D. It helps us walk without slipping.

3. Which of the following is a disadvantage of friction?

A. It helps us write.

B. It helps vehicles stop.

C. It causes wear and tear of tyres.

D. It helps us hold objects.

4. Which of the following can reduce friction?

A. Oil or grease

B. Sand

C. Water only

D. Stones

5. Friction produces ______.

A. Rain

B. Heat

C. Wind

D. Light

B. Fill in the Blanks

6. Frictional force ______ the movement of objects.

7. Friction helps us ______ without slipping.

8..Oil and grease are used to ______ friction.

9. Friction produces ______ when two surfaces rub together.

10. Friction causes ______ and tear of machine parts.

C. True or False

11. Friction helps vehicles stop safely. ______

12. Friction makes writing on paper possible. ______

13. Friction never causes damage to machines. ______

14. Lubrication helps to reduce friction. ______

15. Friction always makes movement easier. ______

D. Match Column A with Column B

Column A – Column B

16. Walking – A. Opposes movement

17. Brakes – B. Helps us stop vehicles

18. Rubbing hands together – C. Reduces friction

19. Oil or grease – D. Helps us walk without slipping

20. Friction – E. Produces heat

ANSWER KEYS

1. B

2. D

3. C

4. A

5. B

6. Opposes

7. Walk

8. Reduce

9. Heat

10. Wear

11. True

12. True

13. False

14. True

15. False

16. D – Walking → Helps us walk without slipping

17. B – Brakes → Helps us stop vehicles

18. E – Rubbing hands together → Produces heat

19. C – Oil or grease → Reduces friction

20. A – Friction → Opposes movement

SUMMARY

In this lesson, pupils learned that frictional force is the force that opposes or resists the movement of objects when two surfaces are in contact. They learned that friction affects many activities in everyday life.

Pupils identified the effects of frictional force, such as slowing down or stopping moving objects, changing the speed of objects, producing heat, causing wear and tear, making walking and writing possible, and making movement more difficult.

They also learned the advantages of friction, including helping people walk without slipping, allowing vehicles to stop safely, making writing possible, helping people grip objects firmly, and preventing objects from sliding.

Finally, pupils learned the disadvantages of friction, such as causing wear and tear of machine parts and tyres, producing unwanted heat, slowing movement, wasting energy, and increasing the cost of maintaining machines. They concluded that friction is both useful and harmful, and that lubrication and the use of rollers or ball bearings can help reduce unwanted friction.

PRESENTATION

To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:

1. The teacher displays objects such as a wooden block, sandpaper, smooth plastic surface, toy car, shoe, bicycle brake, and eraser.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils observe the objects and identify situations where friction occurs.

2. The teacher explains the meaning of frictional force and demonstrates rubbing two surfaces together.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils explain frictional force in their own words and observe the demonstration.

3. The teacher discusses the effects of frictional force using practical examples.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils identify and explain the effects of friction they observe.

4. The teacher explains the advantages of frictional force with examples from daily life.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils mention activities where friction is useful.

5. The teacher explains the disadvantages of frictional force and demonstrates how oil or grease reduces friction.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils identify situations where friction is harmful and suggest ways of reducing it.

6. The teacher asks oral questions based on the lesson.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils answer the questions and participate actively in the discussion.

7. The teacher summarizes the lesson.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils participate in the summary and write the key points in their notebooks.

8. The teacher gives classwork, marks pupils’ responses, and provides corrections where necessary.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils complete the exercise and correct their mistakes.

CONCLUSION

To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following week’s lesson.

NEXT LESSON

Water Projects: Meaning and Examples of Water Projects in Nigeria, Benefits and Hazards of Water Projects Primary 6 (Basic 6) Third Term Week 8 Basic Science and Technology

LESSON EVALUATION 

Teacher asks pupils,

1. What is frictional force?

2. Explain the effects of frictional force on moving objects.

3. State five advantages of frictional force.

4. State five disadvantages of frictional force.

5. Mention four everyday activities where friction is useful.

6. Mention three ways of reducing friction.

7. Explain why oil or grease is applied to machine parts.

8. State the difference between the advantages and disadvantages of frictional force.