Food and Nutrition: Meaning and Sources of Food Nutrients, Meaning and Characteristics of Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Primary 5 (Basic 5) Third Term Week 2 Physical and Health Education

FOOD AND NUTRITION: MEANING AND SOURCES OF FOOD NUTRITION, MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES 

PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION (PHE)

PRIMARY 5 – THIRD TERM – WEEK 2

THEME – FOOD AND NUTRITION 

PREVIOUS LESSON – Introduction to Direction: Meaning and Importance of Cardinal Points Primary 5 (Basic 5) Second Term Week 11 Physical and Health Education

TOPIC – FOOD NUTRITION AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 

LEARNING AREA

1. Introduction

2. Types and Importance of Food Nutrition

3. Meaning of Nutritional Deficiency with Examples

4. Weekly Assessment: Test Questions and Answers/Assignment

5. Summary

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. Define food nutrition.

2. Identify the sources of food nutrients.

3. Explain the importance of food nutrition.

4. Define nutritional deficiency.

5. Mention characteristics of nutritional deficiency diseases and ways to prevent them.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR

Pupils have previously learned about healthy living, personal hygiene, body care, and healthy eating habits. They also know that eating good food helps the body grow and stay healthy.

This lesson builds on that knowledge by introducing the types of food nutrients, explaining why each nutrient is important, and helping pupils understand nutritional deficiency and the diseases that can occur when the body does not get enough essential nutrients.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:

1. Charts showing the classes of food

2. Pictures of nutritious foods

3. Samples of fruits and vegetables

4. Flashcards

5. Posters showing nutritional deficiency diseases (Kwashiorkor, Rickets, Scurvy, Anaemia, etc.)

METHOD OF TEACHING

Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.

Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons. 

REFERENCE MATERIALS

1. Scheme of Work

2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum

3. Course Book

4. All Relevant Material

5. Online Information

CONTENT OF THE LESSON

INTRODUCTION

Every day, we eat different kinds of food to help our bodies grow, stay healthy, and have enough energy to work and play. Different foods contain different nutrients, and each nutrient performs a special function in the body.

When we eat a balanced diet, our bodies receive all the nutrients needed for healthy growth and protection against diseases. However, when the body does not get enough of these nutrients, it may become weak or develop nutritional deficiency diseases.

In this lesson, pupils will learn the meaning of food nutrition, the sources and importance of food nutrients, and the meaning and characteristics of nutritional deficiency.

LESSON 1 – MEANING OF FOOD NUTRITION

Food nutrition is the process by which the body obtains and uses nutrients from food for growth, energy, repair of body tissues, and good health.

Good nutrition means eating a balanced diet that contains all the nutrients the body needs in the right amounts.

SOURCES OF FOOD NUTRIENTS

The body needs the following nutrients to stay healthy:

1. Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates provide energy for the body.

Sources of carbohydrates : rice, yam, bread, cassava, maize, potatoes.

2. Proteins – Proteins help the body grow and repair worn-out tissues.

Sources of protein: meat, fish, eggs, beans, milk.

3. Fats and Oils – Fats and Oils provide energy and keep the body warm.

Sources of fats and oils: butter, vegetable oil, groundnut oil, margarine.

4. Vitamins – Vitamins protect the body from diseases and help the body function properly.

Sources of vitamins: oranges, mangoes, carrots, leafy vegetables.

5. Minerals – Minerals help build strong bones and teeth and keep the body healthy.

Sources of minerals: milk, fish, vegetables, bananas.

6. Water – Water helps digestion, carries nutrients, regulates body temperature, and removes waste from the body.

IMPORTANCE OF FOOD NUTRITION

Good food nutrition helps:

1. To promote healthy growth and development.

2. To provide energy for work, play, and daily activities.

3. To build and repair body tissues.

4. To protect the body against diseases.

5. To keep the bones and teeth strong.

6. To help the brain function properly.

7. To maintain good health and well-being.

LESSON 2 – MEANING OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY

Nutritional deficiency is a condition that occurs when the body does not get enough of one or more essential nutrients needed for proper growth and healthy living.

It may result from eating too little food, eating unhealthy food, or not eating a balanced diet.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES

1. Kwashiorkor – caused by lack of protein.

Signs of kwashiorkor: swollen stomach, thin body, weak muscles, dull hair.

2. Marasmus – caused by lack of protein and energy.

Signs of marasmus: severe weight loss, very thin body, weakness.

3. Rickets – caused by lack of Vitamin D and calcium.

Signs of rickets: weak bones, bowed legs, poor growth.

4. Scurvy – caused by lack of Vitamin C.

Signs of Scurvy: bleeding gums, weak teeth, poor wound healing.

5. Anaemia – caused mainly by lack of iron.

Signs of anamia: tiredness, weakness, pale skin.

6. Night Blindness – caused by lack of Vitamin A.

Signs of night blindness: difficulty seeing in dim light or at night.

WAYS TO PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY

1. Eat a balanced diet every day.

2. Eat fruits and vegetables regularly.

3. Drink clean and safe water.

4. Eat foods rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals.

5. Avoid skipping meals.

6. Maintain good personal hygiene and food hygiene.

7. Visit a health centre when signs of deficiency appear.

LESSON 3 – WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ASSIGNMENT

A. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Food nutrition is the process by which the body ______.

A. throws away food

B. gets and uses nutrients from food

C. sells food

D. stores clothes

2. Which nutrient gives the body energy?

A. Vitamins

B. Carbohydrates

C. Minerals

D. Water

3. Which nutrient helps the body grow and repair worn-out tissues?

A. Proteins

B. Water

C. Vitamins

D. Fats

4. Which of the following is caused by a lack of protein?

A. Malaria

B. Kwashiorkor

C. Measles

D. Typhoid

5. Which nutrient helps build strong bones and teeth?

A. Minerals

B. Carbohydrates

C. Proteins

D. Fats

B. Fill in the Blanks

6. A ______ diet contains all the nutrients needed by the body.

7. ______ help protect the body from diseases.

8. ______ carries nutrients around the body and removes waste.

9. ______ is caused by a lack of iron.

10. ______ is a condition caused by a lack of essential nutrients.

C. True or False

11. Protein provide energy for the body. ______

12. Kwashiorkor is one of the food nutrients. ______

13. Eating a balanced diet helps prevent nutritional deficiency. ______

14. Rickets is caused by a lack of Vitamin D and calcium. ______

15. Vitamins are not important for good health. ______

D. Match Column A with Column B

Column A – Column B

16. Carbohydrates – A. Regulates body temperature and removes waste

17. Proteins – B. Gives energy

18. Vitamins – C. Protects the body from diseases

19. Minerals – D. Builds strong bones and teeth

20. Water – E. Builds and repairs body tissues

ANSWER KEYS

1. B – Gets and uses nutrients from food

2. B – Carbohydrates

3. A – Proteins

4. B – Kwashiorkor

5. A – Minerals

6. Balanced

7. Vitamins

8. Water

9. Anaemia

10. Nutritional deficiency

11. False

12. False

13. True

14. True

15. False

16. B – Carbohydrates → Gives energy

17. E – Proteins → Builds and repairs body tissues

18. C – Vitamins → Protects the body from diseases

19. D – Minerals → Builds strong bones and teeth

20. A – Water → Regulates body temperature and removes waste

SUMMARY

In this lesson, pupils learned that food nutrition is the process by which the body obtains and uses nutrients from food for growth, energy, repair of body tissues, and good health.

They identified the six main sources of food nutrients, namely:

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats and oils

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Water

Pupils also learned the importance of food nutrition, which includes:

• Promoting healthy growth and development.

• Providing energy for daily activities.

• Building and repairing body tissues.

• Protecting the body from diseases.

• Keeping bones and teeth strong.

• Maintaining good health and body fitness.

They further learned that nutritional deficiency is a condition that occurs when the body does not receive enough essential nutrients. Characteristics of nutritional deficiency diseases include:

• Kwashiorkor

• Marasmus

• Rickets

• Scurvy

• Anaemia

• Night blindness

Finally, pupils learned that eating a balanced diet, drinking enough clean water, eating fruits and vegetables, and maintaining good eating habits help prevent nutritional deficiency and promote healthy living.

PRESENTATION

To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:

Step 1: Introduction – The teacher displays different food items or pictures of healthy foods and asks pupils to identify them.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils observe the food items and mention the foods they eat at home.

Step 2: Meaning of Food Nutrition – The teacher explains the meaning of food nutrition and how the body uses nutrients from food.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils explain the meaning of food nutrition in their own words.

Step 3: Sources of Food Nutrients – The teacher explains the six main sources of food nutrients:

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats and oils

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Water

The teacher gives examples of foods that contain each nutrient.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils identify the different nutrients and match them with the correct food sources.

Step 4: Importance of Food Nutrition – The teacher discusses the importance of good nutrition for growth, energy, body repair, and protection against diseases.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils state the importance of food nutrition and participate in the discussion.

Step 5: Meaning of Nutritional Deficiency – The teacher explains the meaning of nutritional deficiency and its causes.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils explain nutritional deficiency and mention possible causes.

Step 6: Characteristics of Nutritional Deficiency Diseases – The teacher uses charts or pictures to explain common nutritional deficiency diseases such as kwashiorkor, marasmus, rickets, scurvy, anaemia, and night blindness.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils identify the diseases and state the nutrients lacking in each case.

Step 7: Prevention of Nutritional Deficiency – The teacher explains ways to prevent nutritional deficiency by eating a balanced diet and practising healthy eating habits.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils mention healthy foods and suggest ways to prevent nutritional deficiency.

Step 8: Lesson Summary and Evaluation – The teacher summarizes the lesson, asks oral and written questions, assesses pupils’ responses, and provides corrections where necessary.

Pupils’ Activities: Pupils answer the questions, summarize the lesson, and participate actively in the evaluation.

CONCLUSION

To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following week’s lesson.

NEXT LESSON

 Food and Nutrition: Meaning of Family Size and Its Effects on Nutrition, Meaning and Characteristics of Nutritionally Deficient People Primary 5 (Basic 5) Third Term Week 3 Physical and Health Education

LESSON EVALUATION 

Teacher asks pupils,

1. What is food nutrition?

2. Mention the six sources of food nutrients.

3. State five importance of food nutrition.

4. What is nutritional deficiency?

5. Mention five characteristics of nutritional deficiency diseases.

6. State the nutrient lacking in:

(a) Kwashiorkor

(b) Rickets

(c) Scurvy

(d) Anaemia

7. Mention five ways to prevent nutritional deficiency.

8. Explain why eating a balanced diet is important for healthy growth and development.